Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignancy associated with high morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the majority of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, for whom systemic therapy represents the primary treatment modality. In recent years, the systemic treatment of HCC has evolved from conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy and multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy to combination strategies centered on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). First-line therapeutic paradigm is dominated by diverse regimens, notably “ICI ＋ TKI,” “ICI ＋ anti-angiogenic agents,” and “dual immunotherapy” combinations, which have significantly improved survival outcomes. As immunotherapy shifts toward earlier lines of treatment, second-line therapeutic strategies face new challenges — particularly regarding subsequent treatment options for patients who have previously received immunotherapy, which remains a subject of ongoing debate. Exploratory approaches involving novel immune targets, bispecific antibodies, interferon-based combination therapy, and cellular therapy are being investigated with the aim of overcoming drug resistance, expanding the population of patients who may benefit, and ultimately achieving individualized precision medicine. In light of this, the present review summarizes the current status of systemic therapy for HCC and the challenges it faces.

Objective: To investigate the effects of luteolin on the proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis of cervical cancer HeLa and C33a cells, and to explore the underlying mechanisms.

Methods: HeLa and C33a cells were treated with luteolin at different concentrations. Subsequently, the CCK-8 method was used to assess cell viability, flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis rate and cell cycle distribution, and wound healing and Transwell assays were performed to evaluate cell migration and invasion. Finally, the JC-1 fluorescent probe method was used to measure mitochondrial membrane potential in HeLa and C33a cells, and Western blotting was used to determine the expression levels of protein kinase B (PKB, also known as AKT)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, including AKT, phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), mTOR, and p-mTOR.

Results: Luteolin significantly inhibited the proliferation of HeLa and C33a cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (all P<0.05), induced apoptosis (both P<0.001), and arrested the cell cycle at the G₂/M phase (both P<0.05). Luteolin significantly suppressed the migration and invasion of HeLa and C33a cells (all P<0.001) and caused a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (both P<0.01). Western blotting revealed that luteolin significantly downregulated the expression levels of p-AKT and p-mTOR proteins in both HeLa and C33a cells (all P<0.001).

Conclusion: Luteolin may inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells and promote apoptosis by suppressing the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial dysfunction, and activation of apoptotic pathways.

Objective: To analyze the screening results and cost-effectiveness of the 2024 Urban Cancer Screening Program (referred to as the Urban Cancer Program) in Pudong New Area, Shanghai.

Methods: High-risk population assessment and clinical screening were conducted among registered urban residents aged 45-74 years in Pudong New Area. The high-risk rates, screening rates, and positive detection rates for five major types of malignancies were calculated and compared across different sexes and age groups. The cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) and early detection cost index (EDCI) were calculated and analyzed.

Results: A total of 1 799 participants underwent the high-risk assessment, with 1 787 individuals ultimately enrolled. Among them, 1 073 were identified as high-risk, resulting in a high-risk rate of 60.0%. The high-risk rate was significantly higher in males (64.9%) than in females (56.9%, P=0.001). The high-risk rate in the 65-74 years age group (63.8%) was significantly higher than that in the 45-54 years age group (48.2%) and the 55-64 years age group (52.5%, P<0.001). The overall clinical screening rate was 35.3%, with males having a lower screening rate (27.1%) compared to females (41.4%, P<0.001). The screening rate the 65-74 years age group (32.1%) was lower than that in the 55-64 years age group (46.7%, P<0.001). The screening rates for common malignancies ranked from highest to lowest were: lung cancer (48.6%), breast cancer (36.4%), liver cancer (31.6%), upper gastrointestinal cancer (25.0%), and colorectal cancer (14.2%). The clinical screening rates for lung cancer, liver cancer, and upper gastrointestinal cancer showed no statistically significant differences across different gender and age groups. The clinical screening rate for colorectal cancer was higher in females than in males (P＝0.002). The screening rate for colorectal cancer in the 45-54 years age group was higher than that in the 65-74 years age group （P＝0.001）, and the screening rate for breast cancer in the 55-64 years age group was higher than that in the 65-74 years age group（P＝0.025）. A total of 39 positive cases were identified, with positive detection rates ranked from highest to lowest as follows: breast cancer (10.0%), colorectal cancer (9.3%), lung cancer (9.1%), upper gastrointestinal cancer (gastric and esophageal, 1.3%), and liver cancer (0.0%). The average cost per positive case detected was ¥7 583.3. The early diagnosis rate for malignancy was 66.7%, and the EDCI was 0.34.

Conclusion: The preliminary results indicate that the implementation of the Urban Cancer Program in Shanghai is cost-effective and economically viable. Efforts should be intensified to promote awareness and increase clinical screening participation, particularly among male and high-risk populations aged 65-74 years.

Studies have demonstrated that immunotherapy holds considerable promise in cancer treatment; however, cold tumors—characterized by poor T cell infiltration and an immunosuppressive microenvironment—exhibit limited responsiveness to conventional immunotherapeutic approaches, posing a significant clinical challenge. In response to this challenge, biomimetic modification strategies and ligand-based targeted modification strategies for nanoparticles have emerged as viable solutions for cold tumor therapy, giving rise to a dual-dimensional surface modification nano-delivery paradigm termed “biomimicry-first, targeting-enhanced.” Dimension 1 (biomimetic design) involves the construction of biomimetic nanoparticles through natural cell membrane coating or synthetic biomimetic hybrid membranes, endowing nanoparticles with properties such as immune evasion, prolonged circulation, and innate targeting ability, thereby addressing the limitations of conventional nanoparticles in terms of biocompatibility, circulation time, and targeting capacity. Dimension 2 (molecular targeting engineering) employs diverse targeting ligands to functionalize nanoparticles, enhancing tumor cell recognition and intracellular delivery of nanoparticles while simultaneously enabling modulation of the immunosuppressive microenvironment of cold tumors. Nanomedicines that integrate ligand modification with biomimetic design exploit a dual mechanism—active targeted recognition combined with biomimetic camouflage delivery—to significantly improve tumor accumulation efficiency and therapeutic outcomes. Looking ahead, future efforts should focus on the application of artificial intelligence in nanomedicine design and assisted drug development, and should drive end-to-end optimization of intelligent nanomedicines across the full “design-fabrication-therapy” pipeline, thereby providing breakthrough solutions for the treatment of refractory diseases such as cold tumors. Accordingly, this review summarizes the research progress on nanoparticle construction strategies based on the “biomimicry-first, targeting-enhanced” framework.

Objective: To explore and compare the therapeutic efficacy of bevacizumab (Beva) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with brain metastases.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 107 lung adenocarcinoma patients with brain metastases. Survival indicators such as overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were followed up. To verify the results, a meta-analysis was further performed on 21 clinical trials involving 1 257 NSCLC patients with brain metastases who received either Beva or ICI treatment, evaluating survival parameters and safety profiles.

Results: The retrospective study showed statistically significant differences between the Beva and ICI groups in both systemic PFS (9.07 months vs 4.42 months, P < 0.001) and intracranial PFS (9.67 months vs 4.33 months, P < 0.001). However, the median OS showed no significant difference between groups [47.73 months vs 59.57 months; hazard ratio (HR)=0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.51‒1.91, P = 0.814]. In patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations, Beva demonstrated superior control compared to ICI, with systemic PFS of 8.97 months vs 3.65 months (P = 0.003) and intracranial PFS of 10.70 months vs 3.65 months (P < 0.001). The meta-analysis revealed median OS of 13.75 months vs 12.73 months, systemic PFS of 7.41 months vs 3.47 months, and objective response rate (ORR) of 69% vs 32% for Beva and ICI groups, respectively. After excluding dual immunotherapy data, median OS was 13.75 months vs 11.85 months, systemic PFS was 7.41 months vs 3.13 months, and ORR was 69% vs 30% for Beva and ICI groups. The incidence of grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events (TRAE) was 39% vs 31% in the Beva and ICI groups.

Conclusion: For NSCLC patients with brain metastases, Beva has better efficacy than ICI, especially for the control of intracranial lesions.

Objective: To comprehensively assess the current quality of tumor diagnosis and treatment in Shanghai, and to examine the variations and temporal trends across hospital levels, time periods, and department types, thereby providing an evidence base for quality control optimization and policy formulation.

Methods: This study employed a repeated cross-sectional design using tumor quality control on-site inspection data collected from Shanghai between 2022 and 2024, aiming to systematically assess the distribution and temporal trends of three core indicators: completeness of pathology reporting, accuracy of TNM staging, and compliance rate with guideline-based anti-tumor drug therapy.

Results: A total of 2 585 inpatient medical records were reviewed. Between 2022 and 2024, the completeness of pathology reporting, accuracy of TNM staging, and the compliance rate with guideline-based anti-tumor drug therapy in Shanghai healthcare institutions were 77.18%, 73.89%, and 75.67%, respectively. Tertiary hospitals demonstrated significantly higher pathology reporting completeness (81.19%) and compliance rate with guideline-based anti-tumor drug therapy (78.32%) compared with other healthcare institutions (both P<0.001), whereas TNM staging accuracy was slightly lower than that of secondary hospitals (74.98% vs 76.05%), with no statistically significant difference. Oncology departments demonstrated superior performance compared to non-oncology departments in both TNM staging accuracy and standardized anti-tumor drug use (both P<0.001). Significant differences were observed in TNM staging accuracy among tumor types, with breast cancer achieving the highest accuracy (80.54%), while hepatobiliary and ovarian malignancies had notably lower rates (44.24% and 58.62%, respectively).

Conclusion: Tumor diagnostic and treatment quality in Shanghai has steadily improved, yet significant variability persists across hospital tiers, clinical departments, and temporal dimensions. Strengthening tiered quality control, upgrading information infrastructure, and fostering integration of intelligent staging with clinical decision support systems are essential to further standardize and personalize tumor care.