Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of almonertinib, a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI), as a first-line treatment for patients with EGFR-mutated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the real-world clinical practise, and to systematically analyze the independent risk factors influencing their prognosis.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study enrolled 73 patients with EGFR-mutated advanced NSCLC who received first-line treatment with aumolertinib from April 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021. Survival curves were generated by using the Kaplan-Meier method, and intergroup comparisons were performed via log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate analyses of prognostic factors were conducted by using the COX proportional hazards regression model, with a focus on identifying prognostic factors in the subgroup of baseline brain metastases.

Results: Among 73 patients, the median progression-free survival (mPFS) was 19.4 months, and the disease control rate (DCR) was 93.2%. Multivariate COX regression analysis revealed that central nervous system (CNS) metastasis status, EGFR mutation subtype, ECOG performance status (PS) score, and gender might be independent risk factors for PFS. Among 33 patients with baseline brain metastases, combined almonertinib with radiotherapy or bevacizumab, maximum diameter of brain metastases(≥3 cm), and ECOG PS score might be independent risk factors of PFS.

Conclusion: This first real-world study confirms that aumolertinib demonstrates favorable efficacy as first-line treatment for EGFR-mutated locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC patients, aligning with findings from phase Ⅲ clinical trials. For patients in subgroup of baseline brain metastases, combining almonertinib with radiotherapy or bevacizumab is recommended to optimize outcomes.

Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant tumor in head and neck surgery. In recent years, the incidence rate of thyroid cancer has increased rapidly. The traditional treatment is mainly surgical resection, supplemented by 131I treatment, but for advanced or metastatic thyroid cancer, these methods have limited effect. With the deepening of research on the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid cancer, targeted therapy has become a new research hot spot and important treatment method. In recent years, targeted therapy drugs have emerged one after another, such as sorafenib, anlotinib, serpatinib, pratinib, etc., all of which have shown good efficacy and significantly improved the progression free survival and objective remission rate of patients. However, targeted therapy still faces many problems such as drug resistance, and further research and development of more effective new drugs are needed. This article summarized the research progress of targeted therapy, and aimed to provide reference for the treatment of advanced or iodine refractory thyroid cancer.

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor, typically treated with a combination of surgery and chemotherapy in clinical practice. However, the increasing prevalence of chemotherapy resistance poses a significant challenge. Chemotherapy resistance can lead to a sharp decline in patients’ survival rates. Traditional Chinese medicine, known for its low cost, wide-ranging efficacy, and diverse varieties, has attracted significant attention from researchers. Their attempts to investigate the sensitizing effect of extracted ingredients on osteosarcoma chemoresistance both in vitro and in vivo have yielded promising results. This review has summarized the studies of single traditional Chinese medicine ingredients on reversing osteosarcoma chemoresistance by the mechanisms of chemoresistance, and found that the current research of the clinical mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine ingredients in reversing osteosarcoma chemoresistance is still lacking, indicating significant potential for future development. Utilizing the theory of herbal medicine properties as the theoretical basis for ingredient development may provide novel strategies for the development of new therapeutic approaches.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene exon 20 insertion (ex20ins) mutation is a common driver gene activation mutation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Tumors harboring this gene mutation are characterized by high heterogeneity, high malignancy, low detectability, poor response to conventional therapies, and poor prognosis. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the study of EGFR ex20ins mutation. The wide application of next-generation sequencing has improved the detection rate. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the relevant indications of amivantamab in NSCLC patients with EGFR ex20ins mutation. A variety of new drugs have also achieved good results in previous studies. This article will summarize the structural characteristics, detection methods and clinical treatment progress of NSCLC patients with EGFR ex20ins mutations, hoping to provide help for the choice of clinical treatment for such patients.

Objective: To design protein binders of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2, also known as ErbB2) using de novo protein design and to preliminarily evaluate their biological effects on tumor cells.

Methods: Based on de novo protein design strategy, RosettaDesign and ProteinMPNN algorithms were used to design the binding proteins targeting ErbB2. Concurrently, AlphaFold was applied to assess structural accuracy of the protein binders and their interactions with ErbB2. Subsequently, yeast surface display technology combined with dual-fluorescence high-throughput flow cytometry were performed to screen for protein binders which were capable of specifically binding to ErbB2 specifically. Selected binding proteins were expressed and purified in Eschrichia coli system. Bio-layer interferometry (BLI) was used to validate the binding specificity of the purified protein binders to ErbB2. Finally, Western blotting and CCK-8 assay were used to evaluate the effects of the candidate binding protein on the downstream signaling of ErbB2 and cell proliferation capacity in ovarian cancer (SK-OV-3) and pancreatic cancer (BxPC-3) cell lines, respectively.

Results: In this study, the protein binders targeting ErbB2 were successfully designed, a corresponding binding protein library was established, and a protein binder that specifically binds to ErbB2 was screened out from the library. After BLI verification, this protein binder could effectively bind to ErbB2. Further investigation revealed that in ErbB2-high-expressing SK-OV-3 and BxPC-3 cells, this protein binder could effectively inhibit cell proliferation and reduce the phosphorylation level of AKT, a signaling molecule downstream of ErbB2.

Conclusion: Based on the strategy of de novo protein design, this study successfully constructed a protein binder that can effectively bind to ErbB2.The binder can effectively inhibit the activation of the downstream signaling pathway mediated by ErbB2 and the proliferation of tumor cells. This indicates the potential application value of de novo designed protein binders targeting ErbB2 in cancer therapy, providing a novel research approach for the field of targeted tumor therapy.

Objective: To explore the diagnosis and treatment strategies of multiple primary malignancies (MPM).

Methods: The medical records and the process of diagnosis and treatment of a patient with heterochronous double primary cancer were retrospectively analyzed, and the treatment strategy was discussed by multi-disciplinary team (MDT).

Results: A female patient with heterochronous double primary cancer was reported. The first primary tumor was gastric cancer and the second primary tumor was lung cancer. The first primary tumor was diagnosed at 67 years of age, and the interval between the first primary tumor and second primary tumor was 13 months. Pleural metastasis and pelvic metastasis occurred during the follow-up. Pleural metastasis originated from lung cancer, and pelvic metastasis was considered as gastric cancer implantation. Tumor MDT discussion was conducted at each stage of diagnosis and treatment, and the histopathological diagnosis was confirmed by puncture biopsy or surgical resection. The patient received systemic therapy combined with local treatment for metastases of different tumors and had a longer overall survival (67 months). Side effects were tolerable, and the quality of life was satisfactory throughout the treatment period.

Conclusion: For patients with MPM, it is necessary to actively carry out MDT discussion, clarify the histopathological diagnosis, evaluate the clinicopathological and metastatic characteristics, and implement active and effective treatment.

With the progression of global population aging, the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer have been increasing year by year, drawing widespread attention from all sectors of society. Based on the synthetic lethality strategy, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has successively approved multiple poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) in recent years. This advancement has greatly stimulated the interest of researchers in novel synthetic lethal combination: the ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) gene and the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR). In the DNA damage repair pathway, the ATM kinase primarily participates in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks, while ATR plays a crucial role in the repair of DNA single-strand breaks and exerts a positive regulatory function. ATR inhibitors are considered one of the most promising synthetic lethal targeted agents following PARP inhibitors, offering potential as a novel therapeutic option for patients with ATM gene mutations. However, current clinical research data on ATR inhibitors in the treatment of prostate cancer remain insufficient. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the synthetic lethality mechanism involving the ATM/ATR kinase combination is of crucial importance for advancing precision therapy of prostate cancer.

Gastric cancer is one of the malignant tumors with strong invasion and heterogeneity. Individualized treatment of gastric cancer based on precise classification guidance is currently a research hotspot. Microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) gastric cancer has specific clinical features, tumor microenvironment, and pathological characteristics, which have been used as tumor markers to evaluate the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. In recent years, immunotherapy has brought new hope for the treatment of gastric cancer patients, among whom MSI-H patients are considered the advantageous population for immunotherapy. This paper reports a case of MSI-H metastatic gastric cancer receiving immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy, and provides reference for clinical practice based on literature review.

At present, the treatment level of cancer has made great progress. However, cancer therapy-related cardiovascular toxicity can adversely affect the prognosis of cancer patients. Studies have found that the high risk of cardiovascular toxicity has gradually become an important factor for non-tumor mortality. Therefore, there is a growing interest in oncologic cardiology. However, there is still a lack of consensus on the optimal strategies for the identification, diagnosis, and intervention of cancer therapy-related cardiovascular toxicity. This article proposes for the first time the concept of “four early” measures for cancer therapy-related cardiovascular toxicity, namely early assessment of risk factors, early identification of clinical manifestations, early diagnosis through modern medical methods, and personalized intervention in the early stage after diagnosis. Combined with relevant research at home and abroad, this article also discusses the shortcomings of research on cancer therapy-related cardiovascular toxicity and proposes future development directions, aiming to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular toxicity events in patients undergoing anti-tumor treatment.

Cervical esophageal cancer (CEC) is a relatively rare pathological subtype of esophageal cancer, accounting for 2%~10% of all esophageal cancer cases, 95% of which are esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Due to nonspecific clinical symptoms, most CEC patients are diagnosed at advanced or locally advanced stages, resulting in a 5-year overall survival (OS) rate of approximately 30%. Although therapeutic outcomes for CEC patients remain suboptimal, current studies have demonstrated the clinical value of multiple treatment modalities, including endoscopic therapy, photodynamic therapy, selective or salvage surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. This article systematically reviews recent advances in CEC management, focusing on the aforementioned approaches, and delves into the optimal treatment strategies, aiming to provide a scientific and reliable foundation for clinical practise.

Objective: To investigate the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related long non-coding RNA (lnc RNA) Gm9795 in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 80 HCC patients who underwent routine surgical procedures at Nanjing Jiangning Hospital from 2014 to 2020. Colecting clinical datas from all patients and using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR to detect the expression level of Gm9795 in 80 patients' cancer and adjacent tissues, as well as in HCC cells (HepG2, Hep3B, HCCLM3, and Huh7). The correlation between Gm9795 expression and overall survival time and recurrence free survival time of HCC patients was analysised. Constructing HCCLM3 cells overexpressing Gm9795 through lentiviral infection, and constructing Huh7 cells silencing Gm9795 expression through liposome transfection. The proliferation ability of cells was evaluated using CCK-8 assay and colony formation assay, while the migration and invasion ability of cells were detected using Transwell assay. Identification of Gm9795 specific binding protein by mass spectrometry (MS). The effect of overexpressing or silencing Gm9795 expression on the expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) gene was detected by Western blotting. The CHOP gene was simultaneously transferred into HCCLM3 cells overexpressing Gm9795, and the effects of up-regulating CHOP expression level on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCCLM3 cells were evaluated using CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, and Transwell assay.

Results: Compared with adjacent tissues, the expression level of Gm9795 was significantly up-regulated in HCC tissues (P<0.001). The expression levels of Gm9795 in all HCC cells were significantly higher than in normal hepatocytes LO2 (all P<0.05). Higher expression levels of Gm9795 were associated with aggressive clinical pathological features, including tumor size, multiple tumors, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging, and portal vein tumor thrombus (all P<0.05). The results of multivariate analysis showed that high expression level of Gm9795 was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival and recurrence free survival in HCC patients (both P<0.05). The higher expression of Gm9795 was significantly correlated with shorter overall survival and recurrence free survival in the cohort (both P<0.01). Compared with the Vector group, the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCCLM3 cells were significantly enhanced in the Gm9795 overexpression group (all P<0.01); Compared with the siNC group, the proliferation, migration, and invasion of Huh7 cells were significantly reduced in the siGm9795-1 and siGm9795-2 groups (all P<0.01). CHOP was identified as a Gm9795 specific binding protein by MS. Compared with the Gm9795+Vector group, the Gm9795+CHOP group showed significant reductions in proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCCLM3 cells (all P<0.01).

Conclusions: Gm9795 is up-regulated in HCC tissues, and the high expression of Gm9795 is an independent prognostic factor for the overall survival of HCC patients. Gm9795 promotes the proliferation and invasion of HCC cells in vitro, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of ERS mediated by CHOP signaling pathway.

Porphyrin and its derivatives exhibit diverse biochemical properties because of their unique molecular structures, and have been widely used and recognized in the field of tumor therapy. The applications of chemical modifications and nanotechnology have not only significantly enhanced the biological activity of porphyrins and their derivatives but also substantially improved the drug delivery efficiency. In addition, the applications of porphyrins and their derivatives in multiple therapeutic methods, including photodynamic therapy (PDT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), radiotherapy and immunotherapy, have opened the door for the implementation of tumor multimodal treatment strategies. This cross-disciplinary integration facilitates the overcoming of limitations inherent to single-modality treatments, thereby synergistically enhancing overall therapeutic efficacy aganist tumors. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the applications of porphyrins and their derivatives within the aforementioned therapeutic treatments, and the challenges and future development potential of porphyrins and their derivatives in tumor therapy are respectively discussed and prospected.

Osteosarcoma is a primary bone tumor originating from mesenchymal tissues, highly aggressive and metastatic, and is one of the causes of orthopedic disorders in children and adolescents. The establishment of an osteosarcoma model is useful for studying the changes in the physiology and pathology of the organism after the occurrence of osteosarcoma. The establishment methods of osteosarcoma models not only differ in terms of difficulty, tumorigenicity, tumor-formation time, tumor survival time, tumor metastasis, and safety, but also in terms of simulating human osteosarcoma biological characteristics and histological features. In addition, the wide application of tissue engineering in tumor modeling is conducive to better study the role of the osteosarcoma microenvironment in osteosarcoma genesis and development. In this paper, we summarize the roles of different osteosarcoma animal models and their tissue engineering models in different experiments, in order to provide help for the study of osteosarcoma pathogenesis and drug intervention mechanism.

Objective: To explore the effect of C1q like protein 4 (C1ql4) on migration and invasion of breast cancer and its mechanism.

Methods: Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression level of C1ql4 mRNA in tumor tissues and paracancerous tissues from 50 cases of breast cancer, as well as the breast cells including T549 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and MCF-10A normal breast cells. The siRNA targeting C1ql4 gene (siC1ql4) was synthesized and transfected into BT549 breast cancer cells by liposome transfection, and the silencing efficiency was detected by Western blotting. MTT assay was used to detect the proliferative ability of the cells in each group, the invasive ability of the cells was detected by Transwell assay, and the migratory ability of the cells was detected by scratch healing assay. Western blotting was used to detect the proliferative ability of the cells in each group. The expression levels of Snail, Slug, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and phospho-NF-κB (p-NF-κB) were detected. The immunofluorescence was used to localize the distribution of NF-κB. Real-time fluorescence PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of the NF-κB target genes TNF-α and IL-1β.

Results: The expression level of C1ql4 mRNA in breast cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in paracancerous tissues, and the expression level of C1ql4 mRNA in BT549 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells was significantly higher than that in MCF-10A normal breast cells (P<0.05). After silencing C1ql4 expression, the proliferation, invasion and migration abilities of BT549 cells were significantly decreased (all P<0.001); the mRNA and prorein expression levels of Snail and Slug were significantly down-regulated (both P<0.001), and the mRNA expression levels of TNFα and IL-1β were significantly reduced (both P<0.001). The amount of NF-κB entering the nucleus was reduced, and the ratio of p-NF-κB to NF-κB was reduced (both P<0.05).

Conclusion: The C1ql4 gene may regulate migration and invasion of breast cancer cells and promote breast cancer progression through the NF-κB pathway.

Liver cancer stands as one of the most lethal malignant tumors globally, and liver transplantation presents a potent and effective therapeutic approach for affected individuals. However, the post-transplantation immune regulation is critical for the survival of the graft and the long-term prognosis of the patient. Energy metabolism plays a pivotal role in both the tumor microenvironment and immunomodulation following liver transplantation. This review explores the metabolic mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment, energy metabolism characteristics in liver transplantation, and the impact of post-transplantation energy metabolism on reducing liver cancer recurrence and mitigating transplant rejection. By gaining an in-depth comprehension of the intricate interplay between metabolic pathways and immune regulation, it is envisioned that innovative therapeutic strategies can be formulated. These strategies aim to enhance the outcomes for liver transplant recipients and offer more efficacious treatment options for those afflicted with liver cancer.

Objective: To describe an effective chemotherapy regimen for metastatic sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma (SEF).

Methods: The diagnosis and treatment of one SEF case were reported.

Results: The patient with primary left-sided colon SEF underwent radical left hemicolectomy. Two months later, multiple metastases in the abdominal and pelvic cavity were found. The patient received first-line chemotherapy with FOLFIRI. Disease progression was observed after 17 months, while no relevant treatment was performed due to the epidemic. After the next 19 months, the abdominal and pelvic tumor progressed significantly, then a secondary cytoreductive surgery was underwent. A CT scan conducted three weeks after surgery revealed multiple metastases within the abdominal and pelvic cavities. Second-line chemotherapy with single-agent Epirubicin was administered, the tumor increased significantly after two cycles. Subsequently, the patient received third-line GT chemotherapy, achieved partial response (PR) after 2 cycles, and completed 7 cycles in total. With regular follow-up, treatment efficacy was assessed as a sustained PR. The patient has achieved a progression-free survival (PFS) exceeding 19 months to date.

Conclusion: SEF is an exceptionally aggressive malignancy characterized by high invasiveness and poor prognosis. Here, we report a case, the GT regimen chemotherapy demonstrated remarkable efficacy in treating SEF, providing valuable insights for future therapeutic approaches.

Among solid tumors, melanoma brain metastasis (MBM) has the highest incidence and is the leading cause of death in advanced melanoma patients. BRAF/MEK inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors are currently effective treatments for brain metastases in melanoma patients. However, due to the existing blood-brain barrier and special intracranial microenviroment, the overall survival of patients has not been significantly improved, which has become a major difficulty in current treatment. Therefore, investigating the mechanisms of brain metastasis is crucial for refining the treatment strategies and improving the prognosis and survival outcomes in advanced melanoma patients. In this paper, the research progress of MBM mechanism in recent years is summarized, in order to provide new ideas for follow-up clinical work.

Objective: Assessing the therapeutic efficacy of methotrexate (MTX) -modified magnetic nanoparticles in thermo-chemotherapy for rat breast cancer and its impact on immune function.

Methods: Female Wistar rats were subcutaneously inoculated with breast cancer Walker-256 cells to establish a transplantation tumor model, and injected with polyethyleneimine (PEI)-modified Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles (47T group, 42T group and multiple 42T group) or MTX-modified Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles (47TC group, 42TC group and multiple 42TC group) for thermotherapy under the magnetic field at different temperatures (47 ℃ and 42 ℃). The rats injected with MTX-modified magnetic fluid only (MFC group) and the tumor-bearing rats without any treatment (blank control group), with irradiation treatment in an alternating magnetic field only for 30 minutes (M group), with injection of PEI-modified magnetic fluid only (MF group), with treatment of MTX-mono drug (MTX group) and not inoculated with tumor cells (normal group) were used as control groups. X-ray radiography was used to display the distribution of magnetic fluid in the tumor tissue 24 hours, 2 weeks and 2 months after intra-tumor injection. After 24 hours of treatment, three rats were selected from each of the 47T and 47TC groups, and the effect of magnetic fluid on tumor cells was observed under an electron microscope after execution. After 14 days of treatment, the tumor volume of rats was measured and statistically analyzed. At the same time, 4 rats were selected from each of the 47TC, 47T, 42TC, 42T, MFC, MTX, blank control and normal groups, and the levels of IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-4 in peripheral blood were detected by ELISA method. The remaining rats were observed for long-term survival.

Results: The magnetic nanoparticles were evenly distributed in the center of the tumor but unevenly distributed at the tumor’s edge; they primarily localize amomg tumor cells and can penertrate into tumor cells. Tumor growth was inhibited in rats in the 47TC, 47T, multiple 42TC and multiple 42T groups (all P<0.05), and the survival rates of the rats were high. As compared with the blank control group, the levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ were increased while the IL-4 level was decreased in the 47TC and 47T groups (all P<0.05).

Conclusion: Thermo-chemotherapy at 47 ℃ for 30 minutes and multiple sessions at 42 ℃ for 60 minutes can partially inhibit tumor growth and prolong rat survival. This effect maybe related to the thermo-chemotherapy at 47 ℃ for 30 minutes which can activate the body’s immune function.

Bispecific antibody (BsAb) refers to a large class of novel immunotherapeutic drugs that can recognize two different epitopes or antigens, combining the ability to activate the patient’s immune system and target tumor target cells. Several clinical trial studies on oncology have shown that BsAb has become an important strategy for the treatment of advanced solid tumors such as advanced lung and gastric cancers. Compared to the combination of two kinds of monoclonal antibodies, BsAb has shown specific biological activity and lower resistance when applied to the treatment of advanced solid tumors. This paper provides an overview of the development history, mechanism of action, classification, and clinical applications of BsAb in advanced solid tumors, and discusses the possible biomarkers for the clinical efficacy.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the correction effect of adaptive radiotherapy (ART) based on fan beam CT (FBCT) and image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) using the uLinac HalosTx medical linear accelerator on the setup errors of tumor patients. It also analyzes the impact of the planning duration of ART on body position stability, with the intention of providing a reference for clinical optimization of ART procedures.

Methods: Using a retrospective cohort analysis, 27 patients with malignant tumors (5 patients with esophageal cancer, 13 patients with cervical cancer, and 9 patients with prostate cancer) admitted to Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from September 2024 to March 2025 were included. Through FBCT three-dimensional registration technology, the setup errors in the X (Lat), Y (Lng), and Z (Vrt) directions were measured before and after the ART plan was formulated, and the impact of different durations of ART planning (0-20 min, >20-25 min, >25 min) on the setup errors was analyzed.

Results: The setup errors in the X (Lat), Y (Lng), and Z (Vrt) directions in patients with esophageal cancer decreased from 0.190±0.131 cm, 0.197±0.152 cm and 0.267±0.208 cm, respectively, to 0.098±0.062 cm, 0.094±0.092 cm and 0.074±0.057 cm (P<0.001); the setup errors in patients with cervical cancer decreased from 0.185±0.131 cm, 0.331±0.270 cm and 0.244±0.209 cm, respectively, to 0.066±0.085 cm, 0.133±0.096 cm and 0.087±0.073 cm (P<0.001); the setup errors in the patients with prostate cancer decreased from 0.169±0.137 cm, 0.294±0.221 cm and 0.279±0.177 cm, respectively, to 0.052±0.067 cm, 0.132±0.125 cm and 0.084±0.079 cm (P<0.001). The relationship between the duration of ART planning and setup errors showed that there were no significant differences in the setup errors in the X (Lat), Y (Lng) and Z (Vrt) directions in patients with esophageal cancer among different duration groups (P>0.05); however, there were significant differences in the setup errors in patients with pelvic malignancies among different duration groups (P<0.05), with increase in the setup errors in the three-dimensional directions as the duration of planning increased.

Conclusion: ART can effectively improve setup accuracy and significantly reduce the setup errors in patients with esophageal, cervical or prostate cancer. However, for patients with pelvic malignancies, it is recommended to strictly control the duration of ART planning to avoid the accumulation of setup errors caused by prolonged time.

Objective: To Evaluate the potential causal relationship between the levels of 179 lipids in peripheral blood and the risk of different subtypes of lung cancer by Mendelian randomization analysis.

Methods: A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis was performed using data from the Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS), and sensitivity analysis was performed to verify the reliability of the results. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used as instrumental variables, and GWAS data for different subtypes of lung cancer were used as outcome variables. We analyze potential causal associations between the levels of 179 lipids and the risk of different subtypes of lung cancer.

Results: The causal relationship between phosphatidylcholine and lung adenocarcinoma was established as a protective factor, and Sphingomyelin and Triacylglycerol have been identified as being linked to lung adenocarcinoma and function as risk factors. Phosphatidylcholine were found to have a causal association with lung squamous cell carcinoma serving as a protective factor, and Phosphatidylethanolamine and Sphingomyelin were identified as risk factors for lung squamous cell carcinoma. However, the effects of different subtypes of Phosphatidylcholine on lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma were different. The study did not find evidence that lipids can influence small cell lung carcinoma.

Conclusion: This study provides evidence of a causal relationship between lipids level features and different subtypes of lung cancer.

p21-activated kinase 5 (PAK5), a critical member of the PAK family, plays a significant regulatory role in cellular signaling transduction and cytoskeleton rearrangement. Accumulating researches have revealed that PAK5 is aberrantly expressed in various human malignancies, and its expression level is significantly correlated with tumor metastasis, invasiveness, and clinical prognosis of patients. At the molecular level, PAK5 promotes tumor cells migration and invasion by activating key signaling pathways (such as Wnt/β- catenin and MAPK) to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), modulating tumor-associated microRNA (miRNA) networks, and remodeling actin cytoskeleton to enhance cellular motility. This review systematically dissects the molecular structural features and phosphorylation-dependent activation mechanisms of PAK5, delves into molecular mechanisms of PAK5 in tumor cells migration and invasion, and evaluates the potential of PAK5 as a therapeutic target. This work aims to provide a new perspective for developing PAK5-targeted precision therapeutic strategies in malignant tumors.

Objective: To investigate the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) in desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) and evaluate the inhibitory efficacy of OSI-906, an IGF-1R selective inhibitor, on the growth of DSRCT cells.

Methods: The clinical and pathological data of 8 cases of DSRCT diagnosed at Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from 2012 to 2024 were collected and analyzed. The expression of IGF-1R in DSRCT tissues was detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC), and its distribution features were analyzed. Alamar-Blue and CCK8 assays were performed to detect the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of OSI-906 in three DSRCT cell lines, and Western blotting was used to detect the expression of key proteins in the IGF-1R kinase receptor-related signaling pathway.

Results: IGF-1R protein expression was localized at the cell membrane or cytoplasm, a moderate-to-strong positive expression rate of 75% was found in all 8 DSRCT tissue samples. Alamar-Blue and CCK8 assays revealed that the IC₅₀ of OSI-906 for JN-DSRCT-1, DSRCT-B1Z and DSRCT-B3OD cell lines were 6.942, 60.440 and 3.487 µmol/L, respectively, and OSI-906 inhibited the viability of DSRCT-B3OD cell line in a dose-dependent manner. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that the expression level of phosphorylated AMPK was significantly upregulated, while the expression level of phosphorylated mTOR was significantly downregulated.

Conclusion: IGF-1R is highly expressed in DSRCT cells. In vitro, the OSI-906 shows a certain inhibitory effect on the growth of DSRCT cells, possibly by regulating the AMPK/mTOR pathway. These findings highlight the significance of IGF-1R as a potential therapeutic target in DSRCT.

Objective: To establish normal or specific gene-deficient gallbladder epithelial organoids and gallbladder cancer organoids for investigating the molecular mechanisms driving gallbladder cancer progression.

Methods: Gallbladder and gallbladder cancer tissues were enzymatically digested with collagenase Ⅳ, followed by neutralization, filtration, and centrifugation to isolate epithelial cell pellets. The isolated epithelial cells were embedded in Matrigel and cultured in a three-dimensional system. Gene editing technologies, including the Cre-loxP transgenic mouse and CRISPR-Cas9 system, were employed to generate gallbladder epithelial organoids with specific gene knock-outs or mutations. The gene editing efficiency was verified using flow cytometry, puromycin selection, and Sanger sequencing. The growth behavior and functional features of the organoids under different culture conditions were observed, and the effects of small pharmaceutical molecules (such as Wnt agonists and inhibitors) on the growth of the organoids were further assessed.

Results: Murine gallbladder epithelial organoids and human gallbladder cancer organoids were successfully generated and stably propagated in the long term under optimized organoid culture conditions. A gallbladder epithelial organoid model with specific gene knock-outs was successfully established, providing a robust platform for molecular mechanism research in gallbladder cancer. Further research demonstrated that the Wnt signaling pathway was highly activated in gallbladder cancer organoids, with growth dynamics significantly modulated by Wnt agonists or inhibitors.

Conclusion: Normal murine gallbladder epithelial organoids and human gallbladder cancer organoids, combined with advanced gene-editing technologies, serve as powerful tools for deciphering the molecular mechanism and developing targeted therapeutic strategies through building disease models with high efficiency and accuracy. Wnt signaling is one of the critical regulatory signaling pathways in gallbladder progression, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target.

Gasdermin family proteins play critical roles in cell pyroptosis. Previous studies mainly focused on the function of Gasdermin D and Gasdermin E, less attention has been paid to Gasdermin C. Recently, accumulating studies revealed some distinctive characters of Gasdermin C different from other Gasdermin proteins and the impact of Gasdermin C on the prognosis of different types of tumor. This review summarized the recent study progresses in terms of molecular structure of Gasdermin C, the Gasdermin C mediated pyroptotic pathway as well as the prognostic significance of Gasdermin C in tumors, by which to provide informative references for corresponding researchers.

Objective: To compare the efficacy differences between the combination therapy of Callicarpa nudiflora and dexamethasone versus dexamethasone monotherapy via retention enema in the treatment of acute radiation proctitis.

Methods: A total of 100 patients with pelvic malignancies who developed acute radiation proctitis during radiotherapy at Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital from November 2021 to June 2023 were enrolled, and randomly divided into two groups: a control group (50 cases) vs a treatment group (50 cases). Based on the acute radiation injury scoring criteria established by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG), patients with injury severity scores ≤1 were excluded. Subsequently, the remaining patients received the following interventions: the control group (45 cases) underwent single-agent dexamethasone retention enema, while the treatment group (47 cases) received a combined regimen of Callicarpa nudiflora combined with dexamethasone retention enema. Clinical symptoms, defecation frequency, and routine fecal parameters (leukocyte and erythrocyte counts) were recorded before and at 2 weeks of retention enema, to compare the efficacy differences between the two regimens.

Results: A statistically significant difference in therapeutic efficacy was observed between the treatment and control groups (χ² =11.37, P=0.003, P<0.05), with the regimen of Callicarpa nudiflora combined with dexamethasone retention enema in the treatment group demonstrating a markedly higher efficacy rate compared to the regimen of single-agent dexamethasone retention enema in the control group (82.2% vs 62.2%).

Conclusion: Callicarpa nudiflora combined with dexamethasone retention enema in the treatment of acute radiation proctitis, can significantly alleviates clinical symptoms and improves life quality of patients with acute radiation proctitis. This approach provides novel insights for optimizing clinical treatment strategies for acute radiation proctitis.

Objective: To investigate the impact of different radiotherapy doses on the concurrent chemoradiotherapy efficacy and prognosis in patients with stage Ⅱ-Ⅳa esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) receiving S-1 (Tegafur-gimeracil-oteracil potassium) chemotherapy.

Methods: Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 154 eligible patients with ESCC were selected from those treated at the Department of Radiation Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University between January 2019 and January 2023. According to prescribed radiation dose, these patients were divided into a standard-dose radiotherapy (SD-RT) group (n = 75, total radiation dose: 50-54 Gy) and a high-dose radiotherapy (HD-RT) group (n = 79, total radiation dose: 60 Gy). Since a relatively high proportion of the enrolled patients were elderly (age > 75 years, accounting for > 70%) with poor physical condition, and some patients declined standard intravenous chemotherapy due to personal reasons, all enrolled patients received oral S-1 concurrent chemotherapy during radiotherapy. Follow-up evaluations were conducted 1 - 3 months after concurrent chemoradiotherapy. The short-term clinical efficacy and the incidence of acute radiotherapy-related adverse reactions were evaluated for both the SD-RT and HD-RT groups according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1. Long-term survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves. Log-rank test and multivariate COX regression analysis were used to identify independent prognostic factors affecting progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of ESCC patients.

Results: Among the 154 ESCC patients, the objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were 88.0% and 97.3% in the SD-RT group, respectively, while those of the HD-RT group were 93.7% and 100%. There was no statistically significant difference in the short-term clinical efficacy between the two groups (P=0.516, χ²=2.369), but significant differences were observed in both PFS and OS (PFS^{SD-RT vs HD-RT}: 20.0 months vs 26.0 months, P=0.009; OS^{SD-RT vs HD-RT}: 26.0 months vs 34.0 months, P=0.047). Subgroup analysis based on clinical stage demonstrated that HD-RT can improve the long-term survival in patients with stage Ⅲ-Ⅳa ESCC (PFS^{SD-RT vs HD-RT}: 15.0 months vs 20.0 months, P=0.002; OS^{SD-RT vs HD-RT}: 17.0 months vs 22.0 months, P=0.006), but did not significantly benefit patients with stage Ⅱ ESCC. Additionally, the subgroup analysis according to median gross tumor volume (GTV) showed that ESCC patients with smaller tumor volumes (≤43.39 cm^⊃3;) exhibited greater sensitivity to HD-RT compared to those with larger tumors (>43.39 cm³) (PFS^{SD-RT vs HD-RT}: 18.0 months vs 26.0 months, P = 0.028; OS^{SD-RT vs HD-RT}: 22.0 months vs 32.0 months, P = 0.025). In terms of radiation-related toxicity, there were no significant statistical differences between the SD-RT and HD-RT groups in the incidence of myelosuppression (P = 0.539), radiation esophagitis (P = 0.882), or radiation pneumonitis (P=0.636). Log-rank test and multivariate COX regression analysis identified radiation dose, T stage, and clinical stage as independent prognostic factors for PFS of ESCC patients (all P < 0.05), while radiation dose and clinical stage were independent prognostic factors for OS of ESCC patients (both P < 0.05).

Conclusion: For ESCC patients treated with S-1-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy, increasing the total radiation dose to 60 Gy can improve their long-term survival outcomes without increasing the risk of radiation-related adverse events. This survival benefit was particularly pronounced in ESCC patients with advanced-stage disease (Ⅲ-Ⅳa) and smaller tumor volumes (≤43.39 cm³).

Primary bone lymphoma (PBL) is a rare malignancy characterized by lymphoma cells primarily invading bone tissue. Unlike other lymphoma subtypes, PBL usually remains confined to bone at diagnosis without involving lymph nodes or other organs. It affects individuals of all ages, generally showing a better prognosis than secondary bone lymphoma. However, the low incidence of PBL has led to limited large-scale studies, with most researches relying on case reports or small retrospective analyses, causing challenges in diagnosis and delays in treatment. This review summarizes the clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, treatment strategies, and prognostic outcomes of PBL to enhance understanding of its management and improve patients’ outcomes and quality of life.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a malignant tumor originating from the epithelial cells of the intrahepatic bile ducts, with adenocarcinoma being its predominant pathological type. Due to its insidious onset and the difficulty of early diagnosis, ICC has a high mortality rate. Currently, complete resection of the tumor through surgery remains the only potential curative treatment for ICC, but only a small proportion of patients are eligible for surgery. In this context, a multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment model, centered around surgery and combined with systemic chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, supplemented by local interventional therapies and radiotherapy, has emerged as an effective strategy for improving the prognosis of ICC patients. This paper systematically reviews the latest research advances in chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and local treatment for ICC, and summarizes the current clinical treatment strategies, aiming to provide a robust reference for the precise treatment of patients with advanced ICC.

Objective: To explore the relationship between anxiety status and progestogen level in perimenopausal women and their effects on the pathogenesis of uterine fibroid.

Methods: A total of 376 perimenopausal women who visited the Department of Gynecology and Neurology of Nanjing Tongren Hospital affiliated School of Medicine of Southeast University from August 2019 to July 2023 were selected as the study subjects. Based on the and divided into two groups according to the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), they were divided into a non-anxiety group (n=202, SAS score< 50) and an anxiety group (n=174, SAS score≥50). Additionally, according to the presence or absence of uterine fibroids, they were categorized into a non-uterine fibroid group (n=225) and a uterine fibroid group (n=151). The t test or χ² test was used to compare general demographic and clinical data between the non-uterine fibroid group and the uterine fibroid group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the correlation between anxiety status, progesterone level, and uterine fibroid risk in perimenopausal women. The bootstrap method was used to analyze whether progesterone level mediate the relationship between anxiety status and uterine fibroid risk.

Results: Comparison of baseline data between the non-uterine fibroid group and the uterine fibroid group showed that previous caesarean section, number of abortions, hemoglobin level, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were not associated with the incidence of uterine fibroid (all P > 0.05). In contrast, menstrual period, menstrual cycle, progesterone level, and SAS score were significantly associated with the incidence of uterine fibroid (all P < 0.05). Analysis of the effects of different clinical features on the risk of uterine fibroid showed that age, chronic diseases history, and dysmenorrhea history were all significantly associated with the incidence of uterine fibroid in perimenopausal women (all P < 0.05). Further, univariate logistic regression analysis showed that age≥55 years, chronic diseases, and dysmenorrhea were significant risk factors for uterine fibroid in perimenopausal women (all P < 0.05). These seven significant risk factors (menstrual period, menstrual cycle, progesterone level, SAS score, age, chronic disease history, and dysmenorrhea history) were included in a multivariate logistic regression analysis , which identified SAS score and progesterone level as independent risk factors for uterine fibroid in perimenopausal women. Specifically, SAS score was positively correlated with uterine fibroid risk, while progesterone level was negatively correlated with the risk. Restriction cubic spline analysis showed a nonlinear quantitative response relationship between continuously changing progesterone level and the risk of uterine fibroid (χ² = 12.315, P < 0.001), when progesterone level was ≤2.00 ng/mL, the risk of uterine fibroid decreased with the increase of progesterone level (HR=1.014, 95% CI: 1.006-1.012, P < 0.001), and when progesterone level was > 2.00 ng/mL, the risk of uterine fibroid stabilized with further increases in progesterone level (HR=1.003, 95% CI: 0.998-1.002, P = 0.001). After further adjusting for a variety of related confounding factors affecting the incidence of uterine fibroid in perimenopausal women, it was found that SAS score was an independent risk factor for predicting the incidence of uterine fibroid in perimenopausal women. Mediation effect analysis revealed that SAS score had a direct effect on the incidence of uterine fibroid (β₁=0.202, 95% CI: 0.124-0.216), and progesterone level partially mediated the effect of SAS score on uterine fibroid risk (β₂ = 0.196, 95% CI: 0.152-0.207). The total effect value was β_total=0.398, and the mediating effect accounted for 49.25% of the total effect.

Conclusion: There was an independent correlation between anxiety status and progestogen level in perimenopausal women, anxiety status was a risk factor for the development of uterine fibroids, while progestogen levelwas a protective factor.

Objective: Exploring the predictive value of sarcopenia based on preoperative CT diagnosis for the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical, pathological, and imaging data of 488 patients who underwent radical resection for pancreatic cancer, to analyze the correlation between sarcopenia and the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer.

Results: Among the 488 patients included, 281 had sarcopenia before surgery and 207 did not. The COX proportional hazards regression model showed that sarcopenia was an independent risk factor for overall survival in pancreatic cancer patients [hazard ratio 1.43 (95% confidence interval: 1.02-1.99); P=0.04], while preoperative sarcopenia was not associated with postoperative disease-free survival (P>0.05).

Conclusion: Sarcopenia diagnosed based on preoperative CT is significantly correlated with the overall survival of patients with pancreatic cancer after surgery and is an independent risk factor for the overall survival of patients with pancreatic cancer after surgery.

Objective: To explore the associations between red blood cell distribution width and cysteine-rich 61 (Cyr61) with efficacy and prognosis of luspatercept in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome.

Methods: From August 2020 to August 2023, 140 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome who received luspatercept treatment were selected. They were divided into effective group (104 cases) and ineffective group (36 cases) based on clinical efficacy, and into survival group (118 cases) and death group (22 cases) based on prognosis. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the correlation between red blood cell distribution width and Cyr61 with prognosis. Kaplan-Meier method was employed to plot survival curves, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyze the value of red blood cell distribution width and Cyr61 in evaluating the efficacy and prognosis of luspatercept treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome.

Results: Compared with the ineffective group, the platelet count, neutrophil count, and hemoglobin level were significantly lower (P<0.05) in the effective group, while the platelet distribution width, red blood cell distribution width, and Cyr61 level were significantly higher (P<0.05). Compared with the ineffective group, the red blood cell distribution width and Cyr61 level were significantly lower (P<0.05) in the effective group as the efficacy improved. The red blood cell distribution width and Cyr61 level were positively correlated with ineffectiveness. Especially when the red blood cell distribution width was >20.86% and Cyr61 was >61.65 pg/mL, the risk of treatment non-response in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome increased significantly with the increase in red blood cell distribution width and Cyr61 level. Compared with the survivors, the platelet count, neutrophil count, and hemoglobin level were significantly lower (P<0.05), while the platelet distribution width, red blood cell distribution width, and Cyr61 level were significantly higher (P<0.05). The logistic regression analysis results showed that the red blood cell distribution width [odds ratio: 0.694 (95% confidence interval: 0.504-0.812); P<0.05] and Cyr61 [odds ratio: 0.543 (95% confidence interval: 0.405-0.653); P<0.05] were independent risk factors for prognosis. The Kaplan-Meier analysis results showed that the survival rate significantly decreased with the increase in red blood cell distribution width and Cyr61 level (P<0.05). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis results showed that both red blood cell distribution width and Cyr61 had certain significance for predicting the efficacy and prognosis of luspatercept treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome (P<0.05, area under the curve>0.75), and the combination of the two had the highest accuracy in predicting efficacy and prognosis (P<0.05, area under the curve>0.90).

Conclusion: With the increase in red blood cell distribution width and Cyr61 levels, the risk of treatment ineffectiveness and death in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome receiving luspatercept therapy significantly increases. Clinically, the combination of red blood cell distribution width and Cyr61 can effectively evaluate the efficacy and prognosis of luspatercept in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome.

Objective: To explore the clinical characteristics of patients with metastatic gastric tumor and to differentiate them from those with primary malignant gastric tumors.

Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 21 patients with metastatic gastric tumor confirmed by gastroscopy biopsy and pathology. The clinical manifestations, gastroscopy characteristics, pathological results, and the time interval between the diagnosis of primary malignant tumor and the confirmation of gastric metastasis were summarized.

Results: The patient primarily exhibited symptoms related to gastric involvement; gastroscopy findings resembled those of primary malignant tumors of the stomach; pathological results were consistent with primary malignant tumors; the time interval between the diagnosis of primary cancer and the confirmation of metastatic gastric tumor varied significantly, ranging from up to 18 years to simultaneous detection.

Conclusion: Metastatic gastric tumors are similar to primary malignant tumors of the stomach in terms of clinical manifestations and endoscopic features, making clinical differentiation challenging. The main approach for distinguishing them is based on pathological examination.

In recent years, the incidence of breast cancer among Chinese women has been increasing annually, with its poor prognosis and high mortality rates presenting major challenges in current breast cancer treatment. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are the key factors which leading to the occurrence, development, treatment resistance, and recurrence of breast cancer. A high proportion of BCSCs are also closely related to adverse outcome of breast cancer patients. However, traditional drugs are difficult to effectively eliminate BCSCs and may even increase their enrichment level. Therefore, developing therapeutic strategies specifically targeting BCSCs represents a critical breakthrough for improving treatment efficacy in breast cancer patients. Significant progresses have been made in this field, including the development of various inhibitors targeting BCSCs surface markers, key signaling pathways, and immune checkpoints, as well as advances in nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS) and the discovery of numerous novel targets, offering new directions for breast cancer treatment. This paper systematically reviews recent advances and existing challenges in BCSCs-targeted therapies, and outlines future directions, aiming to provide new insights for both clinical practice and scientific research in breast cancer treatment.

Objective: To report an acute myeloid leukemia(AML) with insertion translocations of ins(21;8)(q22.1;q22q24), and to investigate its clincal and laborator characteristics.

Methods: Bone marrow cells were cultured by 24 hours, following which chromosomes were harvested and analyzed by R-banding karyotype. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to screen for 53 leukemia-realted fusion genes. The illumina high-throughput sequence was employed to detect AML-related gene mutations. Fianlly, the patient's clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and treatment response were comprehensively analyzed.

Results: The karyotype of this patient was 46,XX,ins(21;8)(q22.1;q22q24)[20]. RT-PCR detected the presence of the RUNX1/RUNX1T1 (AML1/ETO) fusion gene. The AML-associated gene mutation screening identified Class Ⅰ mutation in CALR, Class Ⅱ mutations in EZH2, ASXL2, and RAD21, and Class Ⅲ mutation in CREBBP.

Conclusion: The ins(21;8)(q22.1;q22q24) is a rare insertion variant translocation of t(8;21)(q22;q22), requires expanded case studies to clarify its clinical features and prognostic implications in AML patients with this mutation.

Objective: To explore the clinical prognostic factors that affect the prognosis of patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS), and to construct a relevant nomogram model to predict the overall survival rate of patients.

Methods: Cases of PTCL-NOS from 2010 to 2015 were selected from the SEER database. Univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses were used to identify factors affecting prognosis, and a nomogram model was constructed. The concordance index, receiver operating characteristic curve, calibration curve, and clinical decision curve were used to evaluate the model's discriminatory ability, predictive accuracy, and clinical utility, respectively.

Results: A total of 1 078 PTCL-NOS with PTCL-NOS were included. Univariate and multivariate COX regression analysis results indicated that gender, race, age, Ann Arbor stage, B-symptoms, treatment modality, and median annual household income were independent risk factors for overall survival (OS) in PTCL-NOS patients. The C-index for overall survival rate in the training set was 0.710 (95% confidence interval: 0.685-0.735), and the C-index for overall survival rate in the validation set was 0.684 (95% confidence interval: 0.643-0.725). The C-index, receiver operating characteristic curve, and calibration curve all demonstrated that the model had good predictive accuracy and discriminatory power. Decision curve analysis indicated that the model had certain clinical practicality.

Conclusion: The prognostic prediction model based on seven independent risk factors for clinical prognosis demonstrates good predictive accuracy and discriminative power, and can provide a reference for clinicians to formulate treatment plans for patients with PTCL-NOS to a certain extent.

Objective: This study aims to explore the clinical characteristics of patients with multiple myeloma concurrently presenting with a second primary malignancy. By analyzing the causes based on literature reports, this study aims to deepen the understanding of multiple primary cancers in multiple myeloma patients, and provide some assistance for auxiliary examinations and risk assessments of multiple myeloma patients.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of four patients with multiple myeloma who also had a second primary malignancy admitted to The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University. Each patient was diagnosed with multiple myeloma through bone marrow aspiration and had a second primary malignancy confirmed through pathological biopsy.

Results: The onset age of the 4 patients ranged from 42 to 81 years old; three were males and one was female. One patient had smoldering myeloma with a second primary hematological malignancy (follicular lymphoma), while the other 3 patients had concurrent solid malignancies, including bladder cancer, esophageal cancer, and breast cancer, respectively.

Conclusion: Multiple myeloma accompanied by a second primary malignancy is rare, and early pathological biopsy is necessary for diagnosis to avoid missed diagnosis.

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy and output stability of online general natural language processing (NLP) models for staging diagnosis and identifying medium- and high-risk factors in cervical cancer patients based on pathology reports.

Methods: Surgical pathological reports of 65 patients with cervical cancer who received postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy at Shanghai General Hospital from January 2022 to December 2023 were retrospectively selected. These reports were input into two online NLP models, Kimi and ChatGPT-4o, and their output staging diagnosis results were recorded. Then, the results were classified into 3 categories and scored as follows: correct (2 points), basically correct (1 point) and incorrect (0 point). Each pathologic report was tested 5 times to assess the stability of the outputs form Kimi and ChatGPT-4o, and the consistency between the NLP models and clinical physicians in cervical cancer staging was compared. Prompt-based questioning was used to evaluate Kimi’s ability to extract medium- and high-risk factors from the pathology reports of cervical cancer patients.

Results: There was no statistical significant difference in the staging diagnosis results between the two NLP models and the clinical physicians (χ²=5.740，P=0.057). Kimi and ChatGPT-4o respectively produced 56 and 47 correct results, 6 and 15 basically correct results, and 3 and 3 incorrect results. Their mean scores were 7.08±2.70 and 7.97±2.97, and the difference between them was statistically significant (P=0.040). In the extraction of risk factors from 65 cervical cancer patients, involving a total of 390 factors, Kimi made only three false-positive errors, with all other factors correctly identified.

Conclusion: Online general NLP models can stably output the stage of cervical cancer patients with diagnostic accuracy comparable to clinical physicians. With the assistance of prompt-based questioning, these NLP models can accurately extract medium- and high-risk factors from pathology reports of cervical cancer patients, demonstrating promising clinical application potential.

Objective: To investigate the distribution characteristics of CTLA-4 on the surface of CD4⁺ T cells in patients with breast cancer at different stages, and to evaluate its predictive value for the efficacy of radical mastectomy.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 200 breast cancer patients admitted between January 2020 and December 2022. Patients were divided into four groups based on clinical staging: stage I (64 cases), stage II (57 cases), stage III (43 cases), and stage IV (36 cases). The clinical pathological characteristics of the four groups were compared, and the expression level of CTLA-4 on the surface of CD4⁺ T cells in peripheral venous blood (CTLA-4⁺ CD4⁺) was detected. Patients were divided into a poor prognosis group (52 cases) and a good prognosis group (148 cases) based on their prognosis, and the clinical pathological characteristics of the two groups were compared. A stratified regression model was used to analyze the relationship between CTLA-4⁺ CD4⁺ expression levels and different clinical characteristics. Logistic regression analysis was employed to evaluate the independent correlation between CTLA-4⁺ CD4⁺ expression levels and the risk of poor prognosis. An unconditional logistic regression model was used to analyze the multiplicative interaction effect of CTLA-4⁺ CD4⁺ expression levels and clinical staging on prognosis prediction. Restricted cubic spline analysis was used to investigate the relationship between CTLA-4⁺ CD4⁺ expression levels and poor patient prognosis.

Results: Significant differences were observed in tumor diameter, ECOG score, lesion multiplicity, lymph node metastasis, tumor differentiation degree, ER, PR, HER2, Ki-67, CA125, CA153, and CEA among patients with different clinical stages (P<0.05). Significant differences were also observed in CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺, and CTLA-4⁺ CD4⁺ (P<0.05). As the clinical stage increased, the proportions of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, and CD8⁺ decreased, while the proportion of CTLA-4 on the surface of CD4⁺ T cells increased (P<0.05). Significant differences were observed in clinical stage, tumor diameter, lymph node metastasis, tumor differentiation degree, ECOG score, ER, PR, HER2, and CTLA-4⁺ CD4⁺ among patients with different prognosis groups (P<0.05). Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that clinical stage, tumor diameter, lymph node metastasis, tumor differentiation degree, ECOG score, and HER2 had a significant positive impact on CTLA-4⁺ CD4⁺ (P<0.05), while ER and PR had a significant negative impact on CTLA-4⁺ CD4⁺ (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that CTLA-4⁺ CD4⁺ was positively correlated with poor prognosis (P<0.05). CTLA-4⁺ CD4⁺ and clinical stage had multiplicative and additive interactions on prognosis. Regardless of the clinical stage, CTLA-4⁺ CD4⁺ on the surface of CD4⁺ T cells was significantly positively correlated with poor prognosis.

Conclusion: The expression level of CTLA-4⁺ CD4⁺ in patients with advanced breast cancer is significantly elevated, playing a crucial role in the clinical pathological characteristics of breast cancer. An elevated level may indicate a poor prognosis.