25 January 2022, Volume 42 Issue 01

    

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Expert Review
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  Brief introduction of executive editor WANG Zhuoying

  WANG Zhuoying

  Tumor. 2022, 42(01): 1-1. https://doi.org/10.3781/j.issn.1000-7431.2022.2022-999

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Expert Forum
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  Advances in treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer

  QIAN Kai, GUO Kai, SHI Yuan, WANG Zhuoying

  Tumor. 2022, 42(01): 2-7. https://doi.org/10.3781/j.issn.1000-7431.2022.2202-0108

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  The incidence rate of thyroid cancer has increased rapidly in recent years. With the deepening understanding of thyroid cancer and the development of medical technology, the treatment of thyroid cancer has been improved. At the same time, the concept of individualized, multi-disciplinary and coordinated therapy is emphasized. This article briefly describes the status and development of differentiated thyroid cancer treatment in recent years from four aspects: endoscopic operation, active surveillance, neoadjuvant therapy and targeted therapy.
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  Distant metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children and young adolescents: progress in characteristics and treatment

  RAO Jinrui, QIAN Kai, GUO Kai, SHI Yuan, WANG Zhuoying

  Tumor. 2022, 42(01): 8-14. https://doi.org/10.3781/j.issn.1000-7431.2022.2105-0337

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  Children and young adolescents differentiated thyroid cancer (CAYA-DTC) is quite different from adults in terms of clinical features and long-term prognosis, with high incidence rates of lymph node and distant metastasis and recurrence, but good long-term prognosis. Previous studies have shown that the incidence rate of distant metastases in CAYA-DTC ranges from 5% to 42%. The high incidence rate of distant metastases in CAYA-DTC has made it always attract attention. Consequently, this paper reviews the related researches in the past ten years, and the clinical characteristics, gene mutation background and treatment progress in distant metastasis of CAYA-DTC are discussed.
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  Progress in targeted therapy and immunotherapy for advanced cancer

  MAO Aihong, WU Yuanyuan, WANG Jun

  Tumor. 2022, 42(01): 15-23. https://doi.org/10.3781/j.issn.1000-7431.2022.2105-0333

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  Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant tumor of endocrine system. Although the prognosis of most differentiated thyroid cancers is generally good and with a 10-year survival rate of more than 90%, there is still a lack of effective treatment for late recurrent, metastatic and radioactive iodine refractory thyroid cancer and anaplastic thyroid cancer. With the rapid development of molecular biology technology and the discovery of new biomarkers for thyroid cancer, which has significantly improved the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid cancer, thus allowing more personalized treatments for patients with advanced thyroid cancer. This article reviews the current targeted therapy and immunotherapy for advanced thyroid cancer with good antitumor activity and clinical benefits, in order to improve the prognosis of patients with advanced thyroid cancer.
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  Robotic thyroid surgery: summary of current situation and prospect

  SUN Hanxing, YAN Jiqi

  Tumor. 2022, 42(01): 24-30. https://doi.org/10.3781/j.issn.1000-7431.2022.2106-0356

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  Robotic surgery system has been more and more adopted in thyroid surgery, in addition to the significant cosmetic effect, its own advantages in operability are appreciated. With the development of technology, the scope of robotic surgery has been constantly broken through, and more complex thyroid cases have been included in the research. As a high-tech surgical platform, augmented reality, artificial intelligence, machine learning and many other new technologies are integrated into thyroid surgery through robotic surgery. As a product of the combination of modern technology and traditional surgery, robotic surgery system will be more intelligent in the future, leading the development of surgery through technological change.
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  Progress and controversy of endoscopic thyroid surgery via anterior chest approach

  WANG Tiantian, WANG Ping

  Tumor. 2022, 42(01): 31-37. https://doi.org/10.3781/j.issn.1000-7431.2022.2105-0346

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  Since the application of totally endoscopic thyroid surgery (TET) in 1996, its characteristics of safety, effectiveness and minimally invasiveness have been continuously verified. TET via anterior chest approach is the earliest and most widely used surgical method, shared understanding has been formulated and published by Chinese experts consensus in 2017. The development of surgery has always been a tortuous process. The continuous improvement in the clinical positioning, indications, surgical scope and refined operation of TET via anterior chest approach has also been facing many controversies. In this article, the progress and controversies of TET via anterior chest approach based on the experience of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine and the related literatures were reviewed, aiming to promote the standardization and popularization of this procedure which could benefit more patients with surgical thyroid diseases.
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  Identification and protection of superior laryngeal nerve in thyroid surgery

  CHEN Lin, LIN Wei, XU Sunwang, CHEN Xiangjin

  Tumor. 2022, 42(01): 38-43. https://doi.org/10.3781/j.issn.1000-7431.2022.2105-0345

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  Superior laryngeal nerve injury is a common complication of thyroid surgery, but it has been ignored in the past because of the concealment of symptoms. With the improvement of patients’ requirements for postoperative sound quality, the identification and protection of the superior laryngeal nerve has become important during thyroid surgery. Comprehensive preoperative evaluation, precise surgical operation, and precise nerve-monitoring are effective strategies to identify and reduce the injury risk of superior laryngeal nerve. Here, the significance and clinical strategies of the protection of superior laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery from the anatomical relationship to thyroid, the reasons of injury, injured symptoms and diagnosis, and protection strategies for superior laryngeal nerve are introduced.
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  Interpretation of the data set for reporting carcinoma of the thyroid recommended by the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting

  LIU Zhiyan, WANG Xinpei

  Tumor. 2022, 42(01): 44-52. https://doi.org/10.3781/j.issn.1000-7431.2022.2105-0298

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  Data set for reporting carcinoma of thyroid was summarized by the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR), including core elements and non-core elements. The data set uses recent World Health Organization (WHO) classification of thyroid tumors to get the clinical and prognostical nomenclature. It further highlights the importance of risk stratification according to the vascular invasion and extrathyroidal extension for the patients. It is by far the first data set to include mitotic activity and tumor necrosis as two independent parameters for reporting carcinoma of the thyroid. It further emphasizes the importance of evaluating the volume of metastasis of the lymph nodes on recurrence risk stratification. The ICCR thyroid data set help generating a report to lead a more rationale therapy and avoid incomplete therapy for lethal tumors and unnecessary treatment for indolent tumors.
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  Advances in long non-coding RNAs in thyroid cancer

  SUI Fang, SHI Lin, YANG Zhen, HOU Peng

  Tumor. 2022, 42(01): 53-64. https://doi.org/10.3781/j.issn.1000-7431.2021.2105-0336

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  Recently, the incidence of thyroid cancer has been increasing, which is the most common malignant tumor of the endocrine system. The occurrence of thyroid cancer is a multi-step evolutionary process involving a large number of molecular genetic aberrations. The study of these molecular mechanisms aimed to understand the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer deeply and provide a new exploration direction for refined diagnosis and treatment. As a relatively new research field of thyroid cancer, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are widely involved in the development of thyroid cancer. However, the study of lncRNAs in thyroid cancer is still in infancy compared to other cancers. In this study, the differential expression, potential clinical significance and possible molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in thyroid cancer were summarized, which will provide references for basic research and clinical practice of related fields in the future.
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  Progress in tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment in advanced thyroid cancer

  HE Ziyan, QIU Xian, SA Ri, CHEN Libo

  Tumor. 2022, 42(01): 65-76. https://doi.org/10.3781/j.issn.1000-7431.2022.2106-0362

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  In recent years, tryosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) has shown great promising in advanced thyroid cancer. Based on the data of clinical trials, the newest real-world studies which reveal the efficacy, safety and prognostic factors for TKI in patients with advanced thyroid cancer is reviewed. Besides some common adverse events, some rare adverse events are also summarized, such as hemoptysis, neutropenia, tracheoesophageal fistula, empyema, and acute pancreatitis. Optimal timing of TKI has been equivocal. It may be appropriate to start TKI therapy before a high tumor burden and tumor-related symptoms according to the analysis of predictors.